Agricultural pesticide residues in water from a karstic aquifer in Yucatan, Mexico, pose a risk to children's health.

Yucatan is a region with a high impact of water contamination since it has a karst type soil favoring contaminants entry into the phreatic level, the only source of freshwater in the area. However, no studies report pesticides in water for human consumption or the risk it represents. The objective of this study was to detect and measure pesticide concentrations in domestic tap water to estimate the risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) to health. A non-probabilistic sampling was applied of 48 tap water sources, and then pesticide detection with solid-phase extraction gas chromatography coupled to the electron capture and flame photometric detectors allowed the estimation of risk through hazard ratios. The present results suggest that aldrin, heptachlor, and ß-BHC residues in domestic tap water from Ticul, Yucatan, pose a risk to children's health, particularly for potential carcinogenic risks.

Environmental Risks and Children's Health in a Mayan Community from Southeast of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of global morbidity and one-third of childhood morbidity may be attributable to environment. Low and high-income countries displayed different environmental risks. Mexico demonstrates the necessity for creating a national environmental health program. In southeastern Mexico, Tixméhuac, is a Mayan community with a high marginalization degree and social backwardness. The main childhood morbidities are acute and chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to recognize environmental risks for children's health in Tixméhauc, Yucatan State. METHODS: A total of one hundred children under five years old participated. To identify the environmental risks at home, items from the Green Sheet Guidance (WHO), Salamanca General Survey and Environmental Clinical History were used. To know the prevalence of respiratory diseases and asthma, the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) survey was used. Potentially hazardous sites were identified partially using the Methodology for Identification and Evaluation of Health Hazards in Contaminated Sites from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). FINDINGS: The low stature of, malnutrition, presence of wheezing and asthma symptoms in children were higher than expected. The suspected cases of parasitosis and vector-borne disease occurred in 50% of the children. Indoor air quality perception was associated with respiratory pathology history; housing quality was related to suspected cases of vector-borne diseases; drinking water quality was linked to suspected cases of parasitosis. Risk areas in the community include agricultural activity, which has led to deposits of empty containers of agrochemicals and electronic waste among solid waste dump. CONCLUSION: This study presents observed environmental risks to children in a low development country and in developing countries. The community has a low perception of the environmental risk. The need for public health programs reducing risks to children's environmental health is imperative.

Dimensiones del cuidado de enfermería y la satisfacción del paciente adulto hospitalizado / Dimensions of nursing care and adult inpatient satisfaction

Resumen:

Introducción: según Donabedian, medir la satisfacción del paciente es un indicador de calidad, es un conjunto de conceptos y actitudes que se construye a partir de sus expectativas y de la satisfacción de sus necesidades. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre las dimensiones del cuidado de enfermería con el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes adultos hospitalizados. Metodología: estudio descriptivo correlacional, en una muestra de 296 pacientes de una institución de segundo nivel de atención de Mérida, Yucatán. Se utilizó el instrumento Satisfacción del paciente con el cuidado de enfermería. Resultados: el nivel de satisfacción general de los pacientes respecto de los cuidados de enfermería fue de 70.1; la dimensión de cuidado fue evaluada con un promedio de 59.6. La dimensión de educación fue evaluada con un promedio de 90.3. Conclusiones: no hubo relación entre las características sociodemográficas de edad, sexo, estado civil, escolaridad, área de hospitalización y tipo de diagnóstico con el cuidado de enfermería de los pacientes hospitalizados. En cambio, el nivel socioeconómico y el estado laboral sí se relacionaron con la satisfacción del paciente con el cuidado de enfermería.

Abstract:

Introduction: Measuring patient satisfaction with nursing care, according to Donabedian, is an indicator of quality, is a set of concepts and attitudes that builds on their expectations and satisfaction of their needs. Objective: To determine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and type of disease of adults hospitalized with the satisfaction level of nursing care in internal medicine Regional General Hospital No. 12 Lic Benito Juárez García. Methodology: Quantitative, observational, correlational and cross-sectional study used the “Patient satisfaction with nursing care” instrument in a sample of 296 patients of an institution of secondary care in the city of Mérida, Yucatán. Results: The overall level of patient satisfaction compared with nursing is 70.1; the dimension of care was assessed more negatively averaging 59.6 and dimension of education was evaluated more positively with an average of 90.3. Conclusions: We observed no association between sociodemographic characteristics of age, sex, marital status, education, hospitalization area and type of diagnostic nursing care of hospitalized patients in the areas of medicine men, women and mixed in a second unit level Mexican Social Security Institute. But if there was a relation with socioeconomic status and employment status regarding patient satisfaction with nursing care.

"You are not fat, you are hermosa": Mexican caregivers share their perceptions about their role supporting their morbidly obese children.

This qualitative study reports the findings from 6 focus groups conducted at a clinic in Southern Mexico with caregivers of morbidly obese children. This study was developed with the purpose of gaining a further understanding of caregivers' perceived role in addressing their children's obesity within the family context and identifying topics that could be considered when providing health care in similar sociocultural environments. We identified that although caregivers acknowledge the role of modifiable factors in obesity prevention and treatment, they held beliefs about determinism in obesity. In addition, diet was the more frequently identified means of reducing the impact of obesity. The importance of role modeling and promoting healthy behaviors in the family context are topics that could be addressed in clinical practice.

[Effective coverage to manage domestic violence against women in Mexican municipalities: limits of metrics]. / Cobertura efectiva del manejo de la violencia contra mujeres en municipios Mexicanos: límites de la métrica.

The study estimated the effective coverage of health services in primary care for the management of domestic violence against women in three municipalities in Mexico. We estimated the prevalence and severity of violence using a validated scale, and the effective coverage proposed by Shengelia and partners with any modifications. Quality care was considered when there was a suggestion to report it to authorities. The use and quality of care was low in the three municipalities analyzed, used most frequently when there was sexual or physical violence. Effective coverage was 29.41%, 16.67% and zero in Guachochi, Jojutla and Tizimín, respectively. The effective coverage indicator had difficulties in measuring events and responses that were not based on biomedical models. Findings suggest that the indicator can be improved by incorporating other dimensions of quality.

Cobertura efectiva del manejo de la violencia contra mujeres en municipios Mexicanos: límites de la métrica / Cobertura efetiva da gestão da violência contra as mulheres nos municípios mexicanos: os limites métricos / Effective coverage to manage domestic violence against women in mexican municipalities: limits of metrics

El estudio estimó la cobertura efectiva de los servicios en salud de primer nivel de atención para el manejo de la violencia doméstica contra la mujer en tres municipios mexicanos. Se estimó la prevalencia y severidad de la violencia usando una escala validada, y la cobertura efectiva con la propuesta de Shengelia y colaboradores, con modificaciones. Se consideró atención con calidad cuando hubo sugerencia de hacer la denuncia a las autoridades. La utilización y calidad de la atención fue baja en los tres municipios analizados, siendo más frecuente la utilización cuando hubo violencia sexual o física. La cobertura efectiva en Guachochi, Jojutla y Tizimín fue de 29.41%, 16.67% y cero, respectivamente. El indicador de cobertura efectiva tiene dificultades para medir eventos y respuestas no se fundamentan en modelos biomédicos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el indicador puede ser mejorado al incorporar otras dimensiones de la calidad.

O estudo estimou a cobertura eficaz dos serviços da atenção primaria em saúde na gestão da violência doméstica contra as mulheres em três cidades mexicanas. Estimou-se a prevalência e a gravidade da violência doméstica por meio de uma escala validada enquanto a cobertura eficaz foi obtida por meio da proposta de Shengelia e colaboradores, com algumas alterações. O atendimento foi considerado de qualidade quando houve a sugestão de fazer a denúncia às autoridades. O uso dos serviços e a qualidade do atendimento foram baixos nos três municípios analisados, sendo mais frequente a utilização do serviço quando houve violência sexual ou física. A cobertura efetiva em Guachochi, Jojutla e Tizimin foi de 29,41%, 16,67% e zero, respectivamente. O índice de cobertura eficaz apresentou dificuldade em medir desfechos reais e respostas não baseadas em modelos biomédicos. Os resultados sugerem que o indicador pode ser melhorado pela incorporação de outras dimensões da qualidade do atendimento.

The study estimated the effective coverage of health services in primary care for the management of domestic violence against women in three municipalities in Mexico. We estimated the prevalence and severity of violence using a validated scale, and the effective coverage proposed by Shengelia and partners with any modifications. Quality care was considered when there was a suggestion to report it to authorities. The use and quality of care was low in the three municipalities analyzed, used most frequently when there was sexual or physical violence. Effective coverage was 29.41%, 16.67% and zero in Guachochi, Jojutla and Tizimín, respectively. The effective coverage indicator had difficulties in measuring events and responses that were not based on biomedical models. Findings suggest that the indicator can be improved by incorporating other dimensions of quality.

Representations of eating and of a nutrition program among female caregivers of children under 5 years old in Tizimin, Yucatan, Mexico / Representaciones sobre la alimentación y el programa de nutrición entre mujeres responsables de niños mexicanos menores de 5 años / Representação da alimentação e de programa alimentar entre mulheres responsáveis por crianças mexicanas menores de 5 anos

This study was carried out between January and April 2008 with 14 caregivers of children younger than 5 years residing in Tizimín city, Mexico. It aimed to understand the social representations of eating and the Programa Oportunidades [Opportunity Program] held by caregivers taking into account their social and cultural context. This qualitative investigation with an ethnographic approach was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Two empirical categories emerged: 1) feeding and 2) an aid. The first refers to the caregivers' representation of eating patterns of children younger than 5 years and the second reveals that the program is considered an aid, which favors and helps caregivers to meet part of their needs. The study achieved the proposed objectives since it enabled us to understand caregivers in the complex task of feeding these children and also to propose strategies in several spheres to improve infant nutrition.

El estudio fue realizado con 14 responsables del cuidado del menor de 5 años en Tizimín, México, durante el período de enero la abril de 2008. Se buscó comprender las representaciones sociales de estas personas en relación a la alimentación y la los componentes de nutrición del Programa Oportunidades, considerando el contexto social y cultural. La investigación cualitativa con abordaje antropológico, tipo etnográfico tuvo como base la observación participante y las entrevistas semiestructuradas, dirigidas a las responsables. De los resultados emergieron dos categorías empíricas: 1) dar de comer y 2) una ayuda. La primera se refiere a cómo las responsables representan la alimentación del menor de 5 años y la segunda reveló que el Programa es considerado una ayuda y que las apoya a solucionar, en parte, sus necesidades. Se alcanzaron los objetivos al comprender a las responsables en esa tarea compleja que realizan de alimentar a los niños y así proponer estrategias, en varias esferas, para mejorar la nutrición infantil.

O estudo foi realizado com 14 responsáveis pelo cuidado de menores de 5 anos, moradoras da cidade de Tizimín, México, durante o período de janeiro a abril de 2008. O objetivo foi compreender as representações sociais dessas pessoas em relação à alimentação e ao Programa Oportunidades, considerando o contexto social e cultural. A investigação qualitativa, com abordagem antropológica, tipo etnográfica, baseou-se em observação participante e em entrevistas semiestruturadas, dirigidas às responsáveis. Dos resultados, emergiram duas categorias empíricas: 1) dar de comer e 2) uma ajuda. A primeira tratou da forma como as responsáveis representam a alimentação da criança menor de 5 anos e a segunda revelou que o Programa é considerado uma ajuda, promovendo benefícios e ajudando a solucionar parte de suas necessidades. O estudo permitiu alcançar os objetivos propostos ao compreender as responsáveis nesta complexa tarefa que realizam de alimentar tais crianças e, assim, propor estratégias, em várias esferas, para melhorar a nutrição infantil.

Representations of eating and of a nutrition program among female caregivers of children under 5 years old in Tizimin, Yucatan, Mexico.

This study was carried out between January and April 2008 with 14 caregivers of children younger than 5 years residing in Tizimín city, Mexico. It aimed to understand the social representations of eating and the Programa Oportunidades [Opportunity Program] held by caregivers taking into account their social and cultural context. This qualitative investigation with an ethnographic approach was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Two empirical categories emerged: 1) feeding and 2) an aid. The first refers to the caregivers' representation of eating patterns of children younger than 5 years and the second reveals that the program is considered an aid, which favors and helps caregivers to meet part of their needs. The study achieved the proposed objectives since it enabled us to understand caregivers in the complex task of feeding these children and also to propose strategies in several spheres to improve infant nutrition.